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Publications

Gari's ECG Papers on this site are presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.

Bibtex source for these publications can be downloaded from here. Abstracts are linked from the image on the left hand side. Original source papers (where available) are linked from the authors' names. Accompanying source code is linked directly after the latest paper on that subject.

Guidelines for authorship and publication can be found here.

Journal Papers :

2012

G D Clifford, J Behar, Q Li and I Rezek, Signal Quality Indices and Data Fusion for Determining Clinical Acceptability of Electrocardiograms, Accepted to IOP Physiol Meas, May 2012 for Aug/Sept 2012.

V. Monasterio, F. Burgess, G D Clifford, Robust Neonatal Apnoea-Related Desaturation Classification, Accepted to IOP Physiol Meas, May 2012 for Aug/Sept 2012.

Clifford_ARM_2011.pdf Clifford G. D. and Clifton D. A. Wireless Technology in Disease Management and Medicine Annu. Rev. Med. 2012. 63:25.1.25.14 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-051210-114650

2011

Tse Z. Dumoulin CL, Clifford G, Jerosch-Herold M, Kacher D, Kwong R, Stevenson WG and Schmidt EJ. Improved R-wave detection for enhanced cardiac Gating using an MRI-compatible 12-lead ECG and multi-channel analysis Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2011, 13(Suppl 1):P3 doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-S1-P3 http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/13/S1/P3

Campana_JCSM_2011.pdf Campana L., Clifford G. D., Pittman S., and Malhotra A. A possible method to predict response to non-pharmacological insomnia therapy, J Clin Sleep Med. 2011 Aug 15;7(4):370-5.

JAJOG2011.pdf Clifford G. D., Sameni R., Ward J., and Wolfberg A. J. Clinically accurate fetal ECG parameters acquired from maternal abdominal sensors American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 205, Issue 1 , Pages 47.e1-47.e5, July 2011.

JCE_2011.pdf Hug C., Clifford G. D. and Reisner A. T.: Clinician blood pressure documentation of stable intensive care patients: an intelligent archiving agent has a higher association with future hypotension, Critical Care Medicine. 39(5):1006-1014, May 2011. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820eab8e

MIMICII_CCM.pdf Saeed M., Villarroel M., Reisner A. T., Clifford G. D., Lehman L., Moody G.B., Heldt T., Kyaw T. H., Moody B. Mark R. G.,: Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II (MIMIC-II): A public-access intensive care unit database Critical Care Medicine. 39(5):952-960, May 2011. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a92c6

nematiTBME2010.pdf Nemati, S., Abdala, O., Bazan, V., Tim-Yeh, S., Malhotra, A., and Clifford G. D.: A Non-Parametric Surrogate-based Test of Significance for T-Wave Alternans Detection IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 58, Issue 5, pp 1356-64, May 2011.

JCE_2011.pdf Nemati, S., Malhotra, A., and Clifford G. D.: T-Wave Alternans Patterns During Sleep in Healthy, Cardiac Disease and Sleep Apnea Patients, The Journal of Electrocardiology, Volume 44, Issue 2, Pages 126-130 (March 2011). Received 28 July 2010 published online 16 December 2010.

2010

Sameni_Clifford_TOPETJ_10.pdf Sameni, R. and Clifford, G. D. : A Review of Fetal ECG Signal Processing; Issues and Promising Directions The Open Pacing, Electrophysiology & Therapy Journal, Volume 3, April 2010, Special Issue #001, pp 4-20. DOI: 10.2174/1876536X01003010004

sayadiIOP_PM2010.pdf Sayadi, O., Shamsollahi M. B., Clifford G. D.  : Synthetic ECG generation and bayesian filtering using a Gaussian wave-based dynamical model, IOP Physiol. Meas. Physiol. Meas. 31 (Aug 2010) pp 1309-1329.

bazanABME2010.pdf Monasterio, V. Clifford, G. D., Laguna, P., Martinez, J. P. : A Multilead Scheme based on Periodic Component Analysis for T Wave Alternans Analysis in the ECG, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 38, Number 8, pp 2532-2541, August, 2010. Published online: 13 April 2010, ISSN: 0090-6964 (Print) 1573-9686 (Online). DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0029-z

CliffordNematiSameniIOPPM.pdf Clifford, G. D., Nemati, S. and Sameni, R. : An artifcial vector model for generating abnormal electrocardiographic rhythms, IOP Physiol. Meas. Vol 31, No. 5, May 2010. pp 595-609 doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/5/001 IOP 'Featured Article'.

NematiMalhotraClifford_April2010.pdf Nemati, S., Malhotra, A., and Clifford G. D.: Data Fusion for Improved Respiration Rate Estimation, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2010, Article ID 926305, 10 pages, 8th May 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/926305.

campanaJAP2010.pdf Campana LM, Owens RL, Clifford GD, Pittman SD, Malhotra A. : Phase Rectified Signal Averaging as a Sensitive Index of Autonomic Changes with Aging. J Appl Physiol 108: 1668-1673, 2010. First published March 25, 2010; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00013.2010

sayadiTBME2009.pdf Sayadi, O., Shamsollahi M. B., Clifford G. D.  : Robust Detection of Premature Ventricular Contractions Using a Wave-Based Bayesian Framework, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 57, Issue 2, Jan. 2010 pp 353-362.

2009

http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/8/1/13 Li, Q., Mark, R.G. and Clifford, G.D. Artificial arterial blood pressure artifact models and an evaluation of a robust blood pressure and heart rate estimator BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2009, 8:13 (8 July 2009). doi:10.1186/1475-925X-8-13.

http://www.jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/issue/view/6 Celi, L.A., Sarmenta, L., Rotberg, J., Marcelo, A., and Clifford, G.D. Mobile Care (Moca) for Remote Diagnosis and Screening. Journal Health Informatics in Developing Countries June 2009, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 17-21 http://www.jhidc.org/index.php/jhidc/issue/view/6

http://publishing.royalsociety.org/index.cfm?page=1570 Clifford, G.D., Long, W.J., Moody, G.B., Szolovits, P., Robust parameter extraction for decision support using multimodal intensive care data, Proc. Royal Soc. Phil. Trans. A, January 28, 2009, Vol. 367, No. 1887, pp 411-429 / doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0157

2008

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/8/32/ Ishna Neamatullah, Margaret M Douglass, Li-wei H Lehman, Andrew Reisner, Mauricio Villarroel, William J Long, Peter Szolovits, George B Moody, Roger G Mark and Gari D Clifford Automated De-Identification of Free-Text Medical Records BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2008, 8:32 (24 July 2008).

http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/7/1/18 Gari D Clifford, Joaquin A Blaya, Rachel Hall-Clifford, Hamish SF Fraser Medical information systems: A foundation for healthcare technologies in developing countries BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2008, 7:18 (11 June 2008) .

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHD-4S3S2HJ-1&_user=501045&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000022659&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=501045&md5=0c9567e62bc4c7cba5250ee4b728740a Aboukhalil, A., Nielsen, L., Saeed, M., Mark, R.G., Clifford, G.D., Reducing False Alarm Rates for Critical Arrhythmias using the Arterial Blood Pressure Waveform Journal of Biomedical Informatics Special Issue on Computerized Decision Support for Critical and Emergency Care, Volume 41, Issue 3, June 2008, pp 442-451, doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.03.003 Avaialble online March 21st 2008.

http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14767050701836792 Wolfberg, A. J., DeRosier, D. J., Roberts, T., Syed, Z., Clifford, G.D., Acker, D., du Plessis, A., A comparison of subjective and mathematical estimations of fetal heart rate variability, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, (2008) 21(2):101-104.

http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/-alert=33575/0967-3334/29/1/002 Li, Q., Mark, R.G. and Clifford, G.D. Robust heart rate estimation from multiple asynchronous noisy sources using signal quality indices and a Kalman filter, IOP Physiol. Meas. 29 (2008) 15-32.

Recepient of the Martin Black Award from the Institute of Physics.

Also selected by the Institute of Physics for inclusion in IOP select, for free access - (full paper, abstract).
IOP select is a special collection of journal articles, chosen by IOP Editors based on one or more of the following criteria: 1) Substantial advances or significant breakthroughs, 2) A high degree of novelty or, 3) Significant impact on future research.

2007

tbmeReza06.pdf Sameni R., Shamsollahi M. B., Jutten C., Clifford G. D.  : A Nonlinear Bayesian Filtering Framework for ECG Denoising,  IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Volume 54, Issue 12, Dec. 2007 Page(s):2172 - 2185

eurasipReza06.pdf Sameni R., Clifford G. D., Jutten C., Shamsollahi M. B.,  Multi-Channel ECG and Noise Modeling: Application to Maternal and Fetal ECG Signals,  EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, Article ID 43407, 14 pages, 2007. doi:10.1155/2007/43407 (Special Issue on "Advances in Electrocardiogram Signal Processing and Analysis".)

bme0Jie06.pdf Lian, J., Clifford, G.D., Muessig, D. and Lang, V., : Open source model for generating RR intervals in atrial fibrillation and beyond, BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2007, 6:9, doi:10.1186/1475-925X-6-9

2006

jbs06.pdf Clifford G. D. : A Novel Framework for Signal Representation and Source Separation: Applications to Filtering and Segmentation of Biosignals, Journal of Biological Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 169-183 (June 2006).

ncaf-02.pdf He T., Clifford G., Tarassenko, L.: Application of independent component analysis in removing artefacts from the electrocardiogram, Neural Comput. & Applic. (2006) 15(2): 105-116.

2005

Abstract GD Clifford, A Shoeb, PE McSharry, BA Janz: Model-based filtering, compression and classification of the ECG, International Journal of Bioelectromagnetism Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 158-161, 2005.  

Abstract Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L.: Quantifying errors in spectral estimates of HRV due to beat replacement and resampling, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, April 2005, Vol. 52, No. 4. pp. 630-638.

2004

http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0967-3334/25/6/N03/ Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L.: Segmenting cardiac-related data using sleep stages increases separation between normal subjects and apnoeic patients, IOP Physiol. Meas. 25 (2004) N27-N35.

Selected by the Institute of Physics for inclusion in IOP select, for free access - (full paper, abstract).
IOP select is a special collection of journal articles, chosen by IOP Editors based on one or more of the following criteria: 1) Substantial advances or significant breakthroughs, 2) A high degree of novelty or, 3) Significant impact on future research.

Abstract Chan-Hyun Youn, Byungsang Kim, Dong Su Nam, Bong Hwan Lee, Eun Bo Shim, Gari Clifford, Jennifer Healey,: Resource Reconfiguration Scheme Based on Temporal Quorum Status Estimation in Computational Grids, ICOIN 2004: 699-707, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) 2004 (SCI-E).

2003

Abstract McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L., Smith L.: A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals, IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, 50(3), 289-294, March 2003.

2001

iee_elec_let_may_2001.pdf Clifford, G., Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N.: One-pass training of optimal architecture auto-associative neural network for detecting ectopic beats, Electronic Letters, Vol.37, No.18, pp 1126-1127, Aug. 2001.

neuralLet_TCT.pdf Tarassenko, L., Clifford, G., Townsend, N.: Detection of Ectopic Beats in the Electrocardiogram Using an Auto-Associative Neural Network , Neural Processing Letters, Vol.14, No.11, pp 15-25, 2001. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011373923479

Book(s) / Book Chapters :

?.pdf Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf Reisner A., Clifford G.D. and Mark, R.G. The Physiological Basis of the Electrocardiogram Ch1 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf Clifford G.D. and Oefinger M.B. ECG acquisition, storage, transmission and representation. Ch2 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf Clifford G.D. ECG statistics, noise, artefacts and missing data. Ch3 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf McSharry P.E. and Clifford G.D. Models for ECG and RR interval processes. Ch4 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf Clifford G.D. Linear Filtering Methods. Ch5 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

?.pdf McSharry P.E. and Clifford G.D. Nonlinear filtering techniques. Ch6 in: Clifford G.D., Azuaje, F., McSharry P.E. (Eds): Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Analysis. Artech House Publishing, October 2006.

Conference Proceedings :

2011

BP_Arteta_et_al.pdf Arteta C., Domingos J.S., Pimentel M.A.F., Santos M.D., Chiffot C., Springer D., Raghu A., Clifford GD. Low-cost blood pressure monitor device for developing countries, MobiHealth 2011, 5-7 October 2011, Kos, Greece.

0285.pdf Clifford, G D; Lopez, D; Li, Q; Rezek, I; Signal quality indices and data fusion for determining acceptability of electrocardiograms collected in noisy ambulatory environments, 38:285-288; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2011.

0633.pdf Vilakazi, CB; Tarassenko L; Clifford, G D; Distinguishing Between Supply Ischaemic and Non-Supply Ischaemic ST Events using a Relevance Vector Machine, 38:633-666; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2011.

Prediction of mortality in septic shock population using genetic algorithm for variable selection Mayaud, l., Celi L.A., Kothari, R., Clifford G. D., Tarassenko L., Annane D.

x.pdf Tse TH, Dumoulin CL, Clifford G, Jerosch-Herold M, Kacher D, Kwong R, Stevenson WG, Schmidt EJ. Improved R-wave detection for enhanced cardiac Gating using an MRI-compatible 12-lead ECG and multi-channel analysis, Proceedings Soc. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance 2011, 3-6 Feb, Nice, France.

Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. System for Real-Time Cardiac MRI Gating, 12-Lead ECG Monitoring, and Non-Invasive Stroke Volume Estimation, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Montreal, Canada, 2011.

Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. 12-Lead ECG System for Cardiac MR Imaging, Intervention & Non-invasive Stroke Volume Estimation, Proceeding of the 5th Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, Hong Kong, China, 2011.

Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. Clinical Validation of Cardiac Electro-Physiology Therapy under Real-Time MRI guidance, Proceedings of the 4rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Centre for Image Guided Therapy, Virginia, USA, 2011.

Schmidt E., Tse, Z. T. H., Watkins R., Byrd I, Schweitzer J., Clifford G., Kwong R., Michaud G., Stevenson W. G., Dumoulin, C. L. MRI-compatible Voltage-based EAM for MRI-guided Electro-Physiological Therapy, The 23rd Annual International Magnetic Resonance Angiography Workshop, Banff, Canada, 2011.

Oster J., Llinares, R., Tse, Z. T. H., Schmidt, E. Clifford Gari, An Artificial Model for the MHD Effect on the Surface ECG, European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology, Leipzig, Germany, 2011.

Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. 12-lead Electrocardiogram Monitoring System for Cardiac MR Imaging & Interventions, Harvard Brigham Research Innovation Symposium, Boston, USA, 2011.

2010

IBME_CEPH_mStethoscope.pdf Brennan, T. P., Tarassenko L. and Clifford G. D., Auscultation using low cost mobile phones for remote heart monitoring, Mobile Health Industry Summit 2010, London. Winner of the University Mobile Health Challenge for the best R&D project.

0197.pdf Llinares, R. and Clifford G.D., A Spatio-Temporal Study of Ischemia and the Time-Frequency Coupling Variations between the ST Amplitude, Heart Rate and Dominant Angle, Computing in Cardiology, 37:25-28; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2010.

monasterio_embc10.pdf Violeta Monasterio, Gari Clifford, Juan Pablo Martinez, Comparison of Source Separation Techniques for Multilead T-Wave Alternans Detection in the ECG. Submission number: 1196. 32nd Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2010.

AI4D_in_AAAI_Clifford_Chen_Kuan_March23-24_Stanford_Final.pdf Chen T., Kuan, K., Celi, L. and Clifford G.D., Intelligent Heartsound Diagnostics on a Cellphone using a Hands-free Kit, AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Development (AI-D), Stanford University, March 22-24, 2010.

0197.pdf Gari D. Clifford, Reza Sameni, Jay Ward, Jim Robertson, Courtenay Pettigrew, Adam J. Wolfberg, Comparing the Fetal ST Segment Acquired Using a Fetal Scalp Electrode and Abdominal Electrodes, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Chicago, IL, Feb 2010.

0197.pdf Reza Sameni, Gari D. Clifford, Jay Ward, Jim Robertson, Courtenay Pettigrew, Adam J. Wolfberg, Accuracy of Fetal Heart Rate Acquired from Sensors on the Maternal Abdomen Compared to a Fetal Scalp Electrode, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Chicago, IL, Feb 2010.

?.pdf Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. Improved ECG Monitoring, Cardiac MRI gating, and Stroke Volume Estimation using an MRI-compatible 12-lead ECG System, Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Session of the American Heart Association, 2010.

?.pdf Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. MRI-compatible 12-lead ECGs with MHD separation: application to cardiac MRI gating, physiological monitoring and noninvasive cardiac-output estimation, Proceedings of the 16th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden, 2010.

?.pdf Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. Improved Cardiac MRI gating, Physiological Monitoring and Cardiac-output Estimation by MRI compatible 12-lead ECGs, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Centre for Image Guided Therapy, 2010.

Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. Enhancement of MR-guided Cardiac Electrophysiology Therapy, Harvard Life Science Annual Research Symposium, Boston, USA, 2010. Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. Real-ECG extraction and stroke volume from MR-Compatible 12-lead ECGs; testing during stress, in PVC and in AF patients, Proceedings of the 14th Annual Scientific Sessions of Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Nice, France, 2010.

2009

?.pdf Tse, Z. T. H., Dumoulin, C. L., Clifford, G., Jerosch-Herold, M., Kacher, D., Kwong, R. Stevenson, W. G., Schmidt, E. J. 12-lead ECG in a 1.5 Tesla MRI: Separation of real ECG and MHD voltages with adaptive filtering for gating and non-invasive cardiac output, Proceedings of the 13th Annual Scientific Sessions of Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2009

?.pdf Schmidt EJ, Clifford G, Jerosh-Herald M, Kwong R, Epstein L, Kacher D, Jolesz F, Dumoulin CL, MRI-Compatible 12-lead ECG: Improved MHD suppression, ischemia monitoring, and non-invasive cardiac output, Abstract Presented at International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2009; Honolulu, USA

Celi L, Hug C, Villaroel M, Clifford G, Mark R. Issues with data mining: predictive modeling on critically ill patients who develop acute renal failure. Crit Care Med, Jan. 2010.

Celi L, Villaroel M, Davidzon G, Galvin S, Clifford G, Galvin I, Bunton R, Szolovits P. Comparing the performance of customized mortality prediction models using local database against current standard scoring systems. Crit Care Med, Jan. 2010.

0197.pdf Leo Anthony Celi, Mauricio Villarroel, Gari Clifford, Peter Szolovits, Local Customized Mortality Prediction Modeling for Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, CIBB 2009; Sixth International Meeting on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics And Biostatistics, Genova, Italy, October 15, 2009.

0197.pdf Chen T., Clifford G.D., Mark R.G., The Effect of Signal Quality on Six Cardiac Output Estimators, Computers in Cardiology, 36:197-200; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2009.

2008

cinc08a.pdf Clifford, G. D. and Sameni, R., An Artificial Multi-Channel Model for Generating Abnormal Electrocardiographic Rhythms, Computers in Cardiology, 35:773-776; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2008.

cinc08b.pdf Khaustov, A. and Nemati, S. and Clifford, G. D., An Open-Source Standard T-Wave Alternans Detector for Benchmarking, Computers in Cardiology, 35:509-512; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2008.

ql.pdf Li, Q. and Clifford, G.D. Suppression of false arrhythmia alarms from ICU monitors using heart rate based on combined arterial blood pressure and ECG analysis. The 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics (ICBBE) 2008, May 16-18, Shanghai, China; 2185-2187.

2007

cinc07a.pdf Wolfberg, A. J., Syed, Z., Clifford, G.D., Tin, A., Guttag, J., du Plessis, A.J. Entropy of fetal EKG associated with intrapartum fever. New England Conference on Perinatal Research. Chatham, MA. October 2007.

cinc07a.pdf Villarroel, M. and Saeed, A. and Clifford, G. D. and Moody G. B. and Mark, R. G. Finding Relevant Cases in Large Databases of Signals, Time Series, and Clinical Data, Computers in Cardiology, 34:265-268; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

cinc07b.pdf Lehman, L-W. and Kyaw, T.H. and Clifford, G. D. and Mark, R.G A Temporal Search Engine for a Massive Multi-Parameter Clinical Information Database, Computers in Cardiology, 34:637-640; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

cinc07c.pdf Hug, C. and Clifford, G. D., An Analysis of the Errors in Recorded Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in the ICU Using a Complex Set of Signal Quality Metrics, Computers in Cardiology, 34:641-645; IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2007.

2006

0357.pdf Clifford G.D., M Villarroel: Model-Based Determination of QT Intervals, Computers in Cardiology, 33:357-360 (K53); IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2006.

0829.pdf Clifford G.D., Aboukhalil, A., Zong, W. Sun, J.X., Janz, B. A., Moody, G. B. and Mark R.G.: Using the Blood Pressure Waveform to Reduce Critical False ECG Alarms, Computers in Cardiology, 33:829-832 (PA5); IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2006.

2005

?.pdf Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: Method to Filter ECGs and Evaluate Clinical Parameter Distortion Using Realistic ECG Model Parameter Fitting, Computers in Cardiology, 32:735 - 738; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

?.pdf Clifford G.D., L Zapanta, BA Janz, J Mietus, RG Mark: Segmentation of 24-Hour Cardiovascular Activity Using ECG-Based Sleep/Sedation and Noise Metrics, Computers in Cardiology, 32: 595 - 598; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

?.pdf McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: A Statistical Model of the Sleep-Wake Dynamics of the Cardiac Rhythm, Computers in Cardiology, 32: .591 - 594 ; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

?.pdf Janz B.A., Clifford G.D., Mark R.G.: Multivariable Analysis of Sedation, Activity and Agitation in Critically Ill Patients Using the Riker Scale, ECG, Blood Pressure and Respiratory Rate, Computers in Cardiology, 32: 735 - 738; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

?.pdf Douglass MM ,  Clifford GD,  Reisner A, Long WJ , Moody GB, Mark  RG: De-Identification Algorithm for Free-Text Nursing Notes, Computers in Cardiology, 32:331-334; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2005.

err.pdf Janz BA, Frassica J, Baker C, Clifford GD, Mark  RG. A New Paradigm for Managing Information in the ICU in Response to the 80 hour Work Week. New England Surgical Society, Volume LXXXVI, 118-119, 2005.

JanzAMIA2005-S13P1.pdf Janz BA, Saeed M,  Clifford GD, Mark  RG. The Development and Optimization of a Critical Care Alert and Display (CCAD) System using a Massive Temporal Research ICU Patient Database. AMIA. 10-2005. 

http://alum.mit.edu/www/gari/papers/JanzAMIA2005-S61.pdf Janz BA, Saeed M,  Clifford GD, Mark  RG,. et al. MIMIC II: A Massive Temporal Database to Support Research in Integrating Data, Models, and Reasoning in Critical Care; The Biomedical Research Partnership for the Integration of Data, Models, and Reasoning in Critical Care. AMIA. 10-2005. In-print.

Abstract Clifford GD, Shoeb A, McSharry PE, Janz BA: Model-based filtering, compression and classification of the ECG, Iinvited paper for the Joint Meeting of 5th International Conference on Bioelectromagnetism and 5th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging within the Human Brain and Heart (BEM&NFSI), Minnesota, May 2005.

2004

?.pdf McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: Open-source software for generating electrocardiogram signal IASTED International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 16-18 February, Innsbruck, Austria Proceedings of Biomed 2005, IASTED, ACTA Press

?.pdf Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: Generating 24-Hour ECG, BP and Respiratory Signals with Realistic Linear and Nonlinear Clinical Characteristics Using a Nonlinear Model, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 709-712; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.

A Java applet to demonstrate the model in action can be found here. Matlab and C versions are available from PhysioNet.

?.pdf OT Abdala, G Clifford, M Saeed, A Reisner, GB Moody, I Henry, RG Mark: The Annotation Station: An Open-Source Technology for Annotating Large Biomedical Databases, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 681-684; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.

?.pdf J Shu, GD Clifford, M Saeed, WJ Long, GB Moody, P Szolovits, RG Mark An Open-Source, Interactive Java-Based System for Rapid Encoding of Significant Events in the ICU Using the Unified Medical Language System, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 197-200; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004..

?.pdf M Douglass, GD Clifford, A Reisner, GB Moody, RG Mark Computer-Assisted Deidentification of Free Text in the MIMIC II Database, Computers in Cardiology, 31: 341-344; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.

?.pdf J Healey, GD Clifford, L Kontothanassis, PE McSharry An Open-Source Method for Simulating Atrial Fibrillation Using ECGSYN , Computers in Cardiology, 31:425-427; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.

?.pdf H Wang, F Azuaje, G Clifford, B Jung, N Black Methods and Tools for Generating and Managing ecgML-Based Information, Computers in Cardiology, 31:573-576; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2004.

0406017.pdf McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: Open-source software for generating electrocardiogram signals ARXIV preprints 0406017 June 2004.

A Java applet to demonstrate the model in action can be found here. Matlab and C versions are available from PhysioNet.

Clifford_paper_a4.pdf Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: A Nonlinear Artificial Model For Generating Realistic Correlated ECG, BP And Respiration, Biosignal 2004, the 17th international EURASIP conference, Brno, Czech Republic June 23-25 2004 pp 358-360.

CliffordMcSharryFinal.pdf Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E.: A realistic coupled nonlinear artificial ECG, BP, and respiratory signal generator for assessing noise performance of biomedical signal processing algorithms, Proc of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, 5467-34, pp290-301, May 2004.

McSharryCliffordFinal.pdf McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D.: A comparison of nonlinear noise reduction and independent component analysis using a realistic dynamical model of the electrocardiogram, Proc. of SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, Paper no. 5467-09, pp78-88, May 2004.

http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/npc/npc2004.html#YounKNALSC04 Chan-Hyun Youn, Dong Su Nam, Byungsand Kim,Eung-Suk An, Bong Hwan Lee, Eun Bo Shim, and Gari Clifford: QoS Quorum-Constrained Resource Management in Wireless Grid, Network and Parallel Computing, (NPC 2004) pp65-72, IFIP International Conference, Wuhan, China, October 18-20, 2004, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3222 Springer 2004.

nam-04.pdf.pdf Dong Su Nam, Chan-Hyun Youn, Bong Hwan Lee, Gari Clifford and Jennifer Healey: QoS-Constrained Resource Allocation for a Grid-Based Multiple Source Electrocardiogram Application, Information Systems and Information Technologies (ISIT) Workshop, (Grid Session) April 2004 & LNCS Vol 3043 pp352-359.

2002

ecgpqrst.pdf Clifford G.D., McSharry P.E., Tarassenko L.: Characterizing Artefact in the Normal Human 24-Hour RR Time Series to Aid Identification and Artificial Replication of Circadian Variations in Human Beat to Beat Heart Rate Using a Simple Threshold, Computers in Cardiology, 29:129-132; IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2002.

ecgpqrst.pdf McSharry P.E., Clifford G.D., Tarassenko L., Smith L.: Method for generating an artificial RR tachogram of a typical healthy human over 24-hours, Computers in Cardiology, 29:225-228, IEEE Computer Society Press, September 2002.

Modified Matlab and C versions of this code are available here and are available on PhysioNet.

2001

No Source Available Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Burton J., Price, J., Cove S., Braithwaite E.: Multi-parameter monitoring for early warning of patient deterioration , IEE Conference on Medical Applications of Signal Processing October 2002.

No Source Available Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Mason, L., Burton J., Price, J.: Neural Networks and Data Fusion for the Next Generation of Patient Monitors, Neural Computing Applications Forum (NCAF), Oxford, July 2001.

Reference Clifford, G.: Removal of abnormal beats from the ECG for accurate HRV analysis, Invited Paper for IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology UK Student Society, Oxford, May 2001.

Abstract Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N., Clifford, G., Mason, L., Burton J., Price, J.: Medical Signal Processing Using The Software Monitor, DERA/IEE Workshop Intelligent Sensor Processing (Ref.No.01/050). IEE, London, UK; 2001; 140 pp. p.3/1-4.

2000 and earlier

china2000.pdf Clifford, G., Tarassenko, L., Townsend, N.: Fusing Conventional ECG QRS Detection Algorithms with an Auto-associative Neural Network for the Detection of Ectopic Beats, Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Signal Processing, 16th IFIP WorldComputer Congress, Beijing, Vol.III, 1623-1628, 2000.

Book Reviews :

abme06.pdf Clifford G.D.: Book Review of ``Biomedical Informatics; Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine'' by Edward H. Shortliffe and James J. Cimino, BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2006, 5:61 (21 November 2006)

abme06.pdf Clifford G.D.: Book Review, of ``Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac and Neurological Applications'' by Lief So}rnmo and Pablo Laguna"", Annals of Biomedical Engineering (2006) 34(1): p184.

Theses :

GDCliffordThesis.ps.gz Clifford G.D.: Signal Processing Methods For Heart Rate Variability, DPhil. Thesis, Oxford University, Michaelmas 2002.

mastersthesis.pdf Clifford, G.D., Statistical Conformal Field Theory and Information Loss in the Renormalisation Group, Masters Thesis, Southampton University Libraries, 1995.

GDCliffordThesis.ps.gz Clifford G.D.: A Novel Method for Imagining DNA Using Surface Plasmon Polaritons, Undergraduate Thesis, Exeter University, 1992.